I have carburized parts before in the furnace but it's a long process. I take activated charcoal and pour a bed of it down about 2-3" thick in the over, then lay the steel parts, then bury them in a layer a few inches thick. Heat them to about 1100F for a couple hours then remove and immediately cold quench them in water. I've never measure the true penetration of the case hardening, but they have stood up to 308 before. Takes a gas furnace to get this to work, no typical kitchen over will get it hot enough. You can use a rick acetylene flame and do portions of the steel if needed as well.
Just easier now for me to buy hardened plate and cut them out on the CNC plasma cutter. I don't make targets often these days as most people just buy them at stores or online.